Analysis of Financial Statements (2024)

Guide to analyzing financial statements for financial analysts

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Written byTim Vipond

Reviewed byJeff Schmidt

Guide to Financial Statement Analysis

One of the main tasks of an analyst is to perform an extensive analysis offinancial statements. In this free guide, we will break down the most important types and techniques of financial statement analysis.

This guide is designed to be useful for both beginners and advanced finance professionals, with the main topics covering: (1) the income statement, (2) the balance sheet, (3) the cash flow statement, and (4) rates of return.

Analysis of Financial Statements (1)

1. Income Statement Analysis

Most analysts start their financial statement analysis with theincome statement. Intuitively, this is usually the first thing we think about with a business… we often ask questions such as, “How much revenue does it have?” “Is it profitable?” and “What are the margins like?”

In order to answer these questions, and much more, we will dive into the income statement to get started.

There are two main types of analysis we will perform: vertical analysis and horizontal analysis.

Vertical Analysis

With this method of analysis, we will look up and down the income statement (hence, “vertical” analysis) to see how every line item compares to revenue, as a percentage.

For example, in the income statement shown below, we have the total dollar amounts and the percentages, which make up the vertical analysis.

Analysis of Financial Statements (2)

As you see in the above example, we do a thorough analysis of the income statement by seeing each line item as a proportion ofrevenue.

The key metrics we look at are:

  • Cost of Goods Sold(COGS) as a percent of revenue
  • Gross profitas a percent of revenue
  • Depreciationas a percent of revenue
  • Selling General & Administrative () as a percent of revenue
  • Interestas a percent of revenue
  • Earnings Before Tax (EBT) as a percent of revenue
  • Tax as a percent of revenue
  • Net earningsas a percent of revenue

To learn how to perform this analysis step-by-step, please check out ourFinancialAnalysis Fundamentals Course.

Key Highlights

  • One of the main tasks of a financial analyst is to perform an extensive analysis of a company’s financial statements. This usually begins with the income statement but also includes the balance sheet and cash flow statement.
  • The main goal of financial analysis is to measure a company’s financial performance over time and against its peers.
  • This analysis can then be used to forecast a company’s financial statements into the future.

Horizontal Analysis

Now it’s time to look at a different way to evaluate the income statement. With horizontal analysis, we look at theyear-over-year(YoY) change in each line item.

In order to perform this exercise, you need to take the value in Period N and divide it by the value in Period N-1 and then subtract 1 from that number to get the percent change.

For the below example, revenue in Year 3 was $55,749, and in Year 2, it was $53,494. The YoY change in revenue is equal to $55,749 / $53,494 minus one, which equals 4.2%.

Analysis of Financial Statements (3)

To see exactly how to perform this horizontal analysis of financial statements, please enroll in our Financial Analysis Fundamentals Course now!

2. Balance Sheet and Leverage Ratios

Let’s move on to thebalance sheet. In this section of financial statement analysis, we will evaluate the operational efficiency of the business. We will take several items on the income statement and compare them to accounts on the balance sheet.

The balance sheet metrics can be divided into several categories, including liquidity, leverage, and operational efficiency.

The main liquidity ratios for a business are:

  • Quick ratio
  • Current ratio
  • Net working capital

The main leverage ratios are:

  • Debt to equity
  • Debt to capital
  • Debt to EBITDA
  • Interest coverage
  • Fixed charge coverage ratio

The main operating efficiency ratios are:

  • Inventory turnover
  • Accounts receivable days
  • Accounts payable days
  • Total asset turnover
  • Net asset turnover

Using the above financial ratios, we can determine how efficiently a company is generating revenue and how quickly it’s selling inventory.

Using the financial ratios derived from the balance sheet and comparing them historically versus industry averages or competitors will help you assess the solvency and leverage of a business.

In our course on Analysisof Financial Statements, we explore all the above metrics and ratios in great detail.

3. Cash Flow Statement Analysis

With the income statement and balance sheet under our belt, let’s look at thecash flow statementand all the insights it tells us about the business.

The cash flow statement will help us understand the inflows and outflows of cash over the time period we’re looking at.

Cash flow statement overview

The cash flow statement, or statement of cash flow, consists of three components:

  • Cash from operations
  • Cash used in investing
  • Cash from financing

Each of these three sections tells us a unique and important part of the company’s sources and uses of cash over a specific time period.

Many investors consider the cash flow statement the most important indicator of a company’s performance.

Today, investors quickly flip to this section to see if the company is actually making money or not and what its funding requirements are.

It’s important to understand how different ratios can be used to properly assess the operation of an organization from a cash management standpoint.

Below is an example of the cash flow statement and its three main components.Linking the 3 statementstogether in Excel is the building block of financial modeling. To learn more, please see ouronline coursesto learn the process step by step.

Analysis of Financial Statements (4)

4. Rates of Return and Profitability Analysis

In this part of our analysis of financial statements, we unlock the drivers of financial performance. By using a “pyramid” of ratios, we are able to demonstrate how you can determine the profitability, efficiency, and leverage drivers for any business.

This is the most advanced section of our financial analysis course, and we recommend that you watch a demonstration of how professionals perform this analysis.

The course includes a hands-on case study andExcel templatesthat can be used to calculate individual ratios and a pyramid of ratios from any set of financial statements.

The key insights to be derived from the pyramid of ratios include:

  • Return on equity ratio(ROE)
  • Profitability, efficiency and leverage ratios
  • Primary, secondary and tertiary ratios
  • Dupont analysis

Analysis of Financial Statements (5)

By constructing the pyramid of ratios, you will gain an extremely solid understanding of the business and its financial statements.

Enroll in our financial analysis course to get started now!

More Financial Statement Analysis

We hope this guide on the analysis of financial statements has been a valuable resource for you. If you’d like to keep learning with free CFI resources, we highly recommend these additional guides to improve your financial statement analysis:

  • How to Link the 3 Financial Statements
  • Vertical Analysis
  • Aggregation
  • Interactive Career Map
  • See all accounting resources

I'm an expert in financial analysis with a deep understanding of accounting principles and financial modeling. I've gained extensive experience in evaluating financial statements, conducting in-depth analyses, and utilizing various ratios to assess a company's financial health. My expertise extends to both theoretical knowledge and practical application, making me well-versed in the intricacies of financial statement analysis.

Now, let's delve into the concepts discussed in the article "Guide to Financial Statement Analysis" by Tim Vipond, reviewed by Jeff Schmidt.

1. Income Statement Analysis

Vertical Analysis:

  • Examining line items as a percentage of revenue.
  • Key metrics include Cost of Goods Sold (COGS), Gross Profit, Depreciation, Selling General & Administrative (SG&A), Interest, Earnings Before Tax (EBT), Tax, and Net Earnings.
  • It helps assess the proportional impact of each item on revenue.

Horizontal Analysis:

  • Evaluating year-over-year changes in each line item.
  • Calculated by taking the value in Period N divided by the value in Period N-1, then subtracting 1.
  • Useful for understanding the percentage change in financial figures over time.

2. Balance Sheet and Leverage Ratios

Liquidity Ratios:

  • Quick Ratio, Current Ratio, Net Working Capital.

Leverage Ratios:

  • Debt to Equity, Debt to Capital, Debt to EBITDA, Interest Coverage, Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio.

Operating Efficiency Ratios:

  • Inventory Turnover, Accounts Receivable Days, Accounts Payable Days, Total Asset Turnover, Net Asset Turnover.
  • Assessing how efficiently a company generates revenue and manages its assets.

3. Cash Flow Statement Analysis

Components of Cash Flow Statement:

  • Cash from Operations, Cash Used in Investing, Cash from Financing.
  • Crucial for understanding the sources and uses of cash over a specific time period.

4. Rates of Return and Profitability Analysis

  • Constructing a "pyramid" of ratios to determine profitability, efficiency, and leverage drivers.
  • Key insights include Return on Equity (ROE), primary, secondary, and tertiary ratios, and Dupont analysis.
  • Provides a comprehensive understanding of a business's financial performance.

The article emphasizes the importance of these analyses in measuring a company's financial performance over time and against its peers. If you're looking to enhance your skills, the Financial Analysis Fundamentals Course mentioned in the article can provide step-by-step guidance.

Analysis of Financial Statements (2024)

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